Facts for this scale assess the training that people feel he has got close, meaningful involvement with anybody else
Self-confident Relations With individuals
The raw score analyses revealed a main effect of cultural context for positive relations with others (F(step 1, 2799) = , p<.001, ? 2 =.02) in which U.S. adults rated their interpersonal well-being significantly higher than Japanese adults. In addition, there was a main effect of gender (F(1, 2799) = 4.69, p<.05, ? 2 <.01) in which women rated their interpersonal well-being higher than men.
However, for this measure, ipsatized analyses revealed different results. Specifically, a main effect of cultural context (F(step 1, 2794) = , p<.001, ? 2 =.01) showed that Japanese adults had significantly higher scores that U.S. adults. Thus, although the raw score analyses showed higher scores among U.S. respondents, the ipsative scores, which examine how this aspect of well-being compares with overall well-being, were, as predicted, higher among Japanese adults. A main effect of gender (F(1, 2797) = 7.69, p<.01, ? 2 <.01) paralleled the above findings by showing that women rated their interpersonal well-being significantly higher, relative to their overall well-being, than men. The ipsatized analyses also showed a cultural context by age interaction (F(step three, 2797) = 3.80, p<.01, ? 2 <.01). As illustrated in Figure 3 , Japanese adults rated their interpersonal well-being as significantly higher, relative to their overall well-being, than did U.S. adults, but primarily in the earlier decades of adulthood. The two later ; indeed, nearly identical scores for the oldest age group. It is worth noting that this age-related convergence follows both from the age decrements in relative ratings of interpersonal well-being among aging Japanese adults as well as the age increments in relative ratings of interpersonal well-being among older U.S. respondents. With this analysis, we were thus able to find the expected cultural difference by avoiding the rating bias in which Americans tended to score higher than Japanese respondents on most eudaimonic scales.
Mission in life
Items for this scale assess the degree to which individuals feel their lives have meaning, direction, and goals to live for. This was the only aspect of eudaimonic well-being in which there was not a main effect of cultural context in the raw score analyses; that is, adults in both contexts had similar average ratings. A significant main effect of age (F(1, 2795) = 5.50, p<.001, ? 2 =.01) revealed that the two younger age groups had significantly higher scores than the oldest age groups.
The same age effect was also evident with the ipsatized analysis (F(3, 2796) = , p<.001, ? 2 =.02), showing that in both cultural contexts the two younger age groups rated their purpose in life as significantly higher, relative to the overall well-being, than the two older age groups.
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Self-Acceptance
Items for this scale assess the extent to which individuals feel generally positive about themselves and their past lives as well as accepting of their own limitations. A main effect of cultural context for self-acceptance (F(step one, 2799) = 6.12, p<.01, ? 2 <.01) showed that U.S. adults rated themselves significantly higher than Japanese adults. A main effect of gender (F(step one, 2799) = 4.50, p<.05, ? 2 <.01) showed that males rated themselves significantly higher on self-acceptance than females. There was also a main effect of age (F(step three, 2799) = 3.80, p<.01, ? 2 <.01), in which the two oldest age groups had significantly higher scores than the youngest age group.
The above main effect of cultural context was also evident with the ipsatized scores (F(1, 2797) = , p<.001, ? 2 =.04), but the direction of the effect was opposite to the above finding. That is, U.S. respondents rated this aspect of well-being significantly lower, relative to their overall well-being, than did Japanese respondents. There was also an age by gender interaction (F(step 3, 2797) = 3.18, p<.05, ? 2 <.01), which revealed that younger males rated their self-acceptance significantly lower, relative to the overall well-being, than older males, whereas for females, the age pattern was nonlinear (i.e., females aged 35–44 and 55–64 showed relative ratings of self-acceptance that were significantly lower than those aged 45–54 and 64–74).